Aerodinamics - LEM

T - Theoretical; TP - Theory and practice; PL - Laboratory; S - Seminar; OT - Tutorial.

• Objectives of the curricular unit and competences

  This course is designed to provide students with an understanding of the fundamentals of aerodynamics and aeronautics. Students will acquire the necessary background to work on mechanical engineering projects within the aerospace industry.

  This course provides elements of problem solving, fluid mechanics, aerodynamics, engineering design and written and oral communication skills essential for mechanical engineering

  Upon completion of the course, students will be able to:

  - Understand, analyze and solve problems internal and especially external aerodynamics.

  - Understand the essential causes of aerodynamic forces and the influence of viscous friction,

  - Perform general predictions of Lift in aerodynamics, drag and moment of an airplane,

  - Calculate the performance characteristics of an aircraft base,

  - Evaluate the characteristics of stability and control of an aircraft.

• Syllabus
  • Standard atmosphere: Hydrostatic equation; definition of standard atmosphere; pressure, temperature, and density altitudes.
  • Basic aerodynamics: acoustic velocity; airspeed measurement in incompressible, compressible, and supersonic flow; compressibility effects (normal and oblique shock waves; Prandtl-Meyer expansions); laminar and turbulent boundary layers; flow separation.
  • Wing and airfoil theory, (subsonic, transonic, and supersonic theory). Airfoils, wings, and other aerodynamic shapes: Lift, drag, and moment coefficients; NACA airfoil data; infinite and finite wings; pressure coefficient; critical and drag-divergence Mach numbers; induced drag; swept wings; flaps.
  • Wing-body combinations. 
  • Propulsion: Propeller, propeller efficiency, variable pitch propellers, turbojet characteristics.
  • Aircraft performance. Elements of airplane performance: Drag polar, total lift coefficient, parasite drag coefficient, thrust and power available and required, maximum velocity, altitude effects on power, rate of climb, service ceilings, range and endurance, turning flight.
  • Aircraft stability and control. Principles of stability and control: aircraft controls, static stability, dynamic stability.
  • Aircraft structures and materials
  • Preliminary design: scaling laws for aircraft size estimation, iterative design procedures.
  • Computational aerodynamics methods. 
• Demonstration of the syllabus coherence with curricular unit’s objectives

  Although the discipline is open to further deepening of several different themes, the program content meet the stated objectives, namely:

  i. Deepening and practical application of knowledge of Fluid Mechanics.

  ii. The development of applied aerodynamics, with a focus on physical phenomena associated.

  iii. More sophisticated and thorough treatment of the materials in different geometries.

  iv. Treatment Flows internal and external, its calculation and practical applications.

  v. Propulsion Integration / Support in the analysis of aerial equipment.

  vi. Integration of central Mech. Eng.^ing knowledge, promoting the know-how interconnection.

  The planned theoretical work evaluation is aimed specifically at achieving the objectives of the discipline as part of its development applied in a specific case of a practical application.

• Teaching methodologies (including evaluation)

  The methodology followed in the chair, the priority is the phenomenological explanation of the issues, easing up the use of more complex mathematical models instead of physical depth approach, but without compromising the treatment is effective calculation and practical applications studied, including the development of relevant inherent.

  Evaluation.

  A final written Exam (EXM) and a fundamental theoretical work (TRB) subject to a final Presentation.

  • TRB- The Theoretical Work aims to enhance skills developed and acquired;

  • EXM-Final Exam: are acceptable ratings higher (or equal) ​​to 8.0 points (in 20.0) and is intended to ensure that the minimum acceptable level of knowledge has been reached;

  • Final Grade: Weighted average ratings of partial assessments = 0.5 x TRB + 0.5 x EXM.

  APPROVAL: To be approved in the discipline the Final Grade has to be equal to or higher than 9.5

  Note: It is intended that the work is done in teams, possibly in multiple teams and, if possible, in conjunction with other curricular units in order to maximize the interconnection of various materials.

• Demonstration of the teaching methodologies coherence with the curricular unit’s objectives

  The teaching methodologies and assessment used are appropriate, taking into account the constraints of the resources of the School and the objectives pursued:

  • The theoretical and practical classes are being taught in the classroom, using up to some laboratory demonstrations if possible.

  • The content of the lessons is essentially theoretical, predicting classes more practical (problems, calculation, project) to consolidate knowledge.

  • After introducing the basic concepts, practical classes promote structuring of thinking of applying theoretical knowledge in obtaining practical solutions.

  • Work project allows students to work in teams or multi-teams in the development of complex calculation of Aerodynamics: problem analysis, survey of known information, research data and parameters necessary structuring of the sequence of calculation, characterization algorithms decision, evaluation of results, development of final conclusions, suggestions for future improvement, etc..

  The exam consists of an individual assessment of fundamental knowledge whose acquisition is considered mandatory for success in the discipline.

• Main Bibliography
  • SET OF NOTES Compiled by the Head of the Discipline
  • Anderson, John D., Introduction to Flight, 4ª edição- McGraw Hill
  • Raymer, Daniel, Simplified Aircraft Design for Homebuilders
  • WHITE, FRANK M., FLUID MECHANICS, FOURTH EDITION, MCGRAW‑HILL, INC., 1999, ISBN 0‑07‑116848‑6
  • HURT, H.H. AERODYNAMICS FOR NAVAL AVIATORS NAVWEPS 00-80T-80, REPRINTED EDITION, AVIATION SUPLIES & ACADEMINCS INC, USA, 1992.
  • DOLE, CHARLES E. E LEWIS, JAMES E.: FLIGHT THEORY AND AERODYNAMICS 2ND EDITION; JOHN WILEY AND SONS, INC, USA, 2000.
  • JEPPESEN JAR ATPL (A) 2005 MANUAL - VOLUME 8 PRINCIPLES OF FLIGHT, Jeppesen - Atlanric Flight Training, 2005.
  • ISBN: 0884873587 KERMODE, A.C., “MECHANICS OF FLIGHT”, 1994
  • MASSEY, B. S., MECHANICS OF FLUIDS, SIXTH EDITION, CHAPMAN & HALL, 1989, ISBN 0‑412‑34280‑4
  • ANDERSON, J. D., MODERN COMPRESSIBLE FLOW, 3ª EDIÇÃO, MCGRAW-HILL, INC., NOVA IORQUE, 2003, ISBN 0-07-112161-7.
  • EVETT, JACK B. & LIU, CHENG., 2500 SOLVED PROBLEMS IN FLUID MECHANICS AND HYDRAULICS, SCHAUM'S SOLVED PROBLEMS SERIES, FIRST EDITION, MCGRAW‑HILL, INC., 1989, ISBN 0‑07‑019784‑9
  • ANDERSON, J. D., Computational Fluid Dynamics, McGraw-Hill, Inc., Nova Iorque, 1995, ISBN 0-07-001685-2.